The end of a period of excess

When the largest brokerage firm in America sends an email to all its employees offering them voluntary redundancy, it's a sign that something more than a periodic bout of investment banking blood-letting is under way.

A shakeout is beginning that will reshape whole firms and sectors of the financial services industry, throw up unexpected winners and losers, make some old skills obsolete and put high value on new and different ones.

Banks have always tended to bulk up their staff in the busy times, lay them off in slowdowns and rehire them when markets pick up. It’s a brutal culture that bred a mercenary outlook among bankers who cast aside loyalty to their employers and determined to take as much money as they could in the good times, while negotiating guarantees whenever possible to protect against the bad.

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